Birth-Control and Biological Ethics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1653 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Birth Control Essay Did you like this example? Up until the late 1900s it seemed birth control was next to non-existent. However, birth control did seem to exist. It was just that not very many people chose to take it; Some people didnt know about it or some did know and chose just not to speak up about it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Birth-Control and Biological Ethics" essay for you Create order There was a divide as to whether or not birth control should be used as it was viewed to question male dominance in households because females were not taken seriously during these times. Some women embraced birth control after having many painful abortions as they wanted a voice to how their bodies were used. Other women chose to look past the option due to religious practices or the views and opinions of the public eye. Birth Control was a step towards Womens Rights, Independence and Self Care; A Great Divide. Dating as far back as the 1600s, a Womans body was never fully her own. Native American and Spanish women were used as bartering tools between societies for sexual gain and marriage purposes. African American women were generalized to be reproductive slaves. English women were expected to follow in the foot steps of their husbands and run properties, homes, bare children, tend to family lives and not ask questions; A stigma that ran deep into other cultures and communities as well. Proving that birth control during these times was absolutely unthought of and unheard of. The information I have discovered led me to gain a new perspective on why during that time period birth control did not exist. It also led me to understand the push for birth control in a male dominated society. This topic was simply a divide between those who wanted the right to take care of their bodies and those who stood by their men or church unsure of whether it would benefit them to speak up. Why could women be against something so beneficial to them? According to writer Warner Fite who wrote an article called The International Journal of Ethics, which was published by The University of Chicago Press in 1916, he stated that birth control was considered to be race-suicide,(Fite, Warner. Birth-Control and Biological Ethics. International Journal of Ethics, vol. 27, no. 1, 1916, pp. 50â€Å"66). This is one reason I found that people might stray away from the medicine. He also stated that people who participated in taking the birth control could hardly measure up to that of a good and old fashioned family. Which adds to the stigma that women were expected to behave a certain way and respond accordingly to the demands of their husbands because the man brought in the majority of the money to live comfortably. Birth control was not something that was freely spoken about. When women would ask doctors the men would attempt to turn a blind eye because contraception was actually illegal at this point and they would only talk about it if a woman pressed the issue. So even a woman who is pretty educated wouldnt know much because it wasnt something that was highly practiced or spoken of at the time. A big part of the reason the contraception was considered race-suicide, was aimed at those who were married because it was viewed as those who prefer single life (Fite, Warner. Birth-Control and Biological Ethics. International Journal of Ethics, vol. 27, no. 1, 1916, pp. 50â€Å"66). It was almost seen that birth control was a offense at that given time. It was also seen that controlling reproduction was more science related and was morally wrong against religious standpoints. At this point birth control existed but people were hesitant to ask and hesitant to take the contraception and not be looked down on in the public eye. How could a religion not support contraception as a form of health? I came across another article from 1965 written by Carl Reiterman who worked in the Department of Sociology at the California University of Berkley. He pinpointed the divide between religion and birth control among Catholics. One very valid point he made was that birth control is against natural law or Gods law, the Church proclaims that it has no power of any kind to alter the laws of God (Reiterman, Carl. Birth Control and Catholics. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 4, no. 2, 1965, pp. 213â€Å"233). This basically just says that its not natural therefore its something unintended for use by god himself. This is a great argument that birth control should not be used so its easy to see how it could have persuaded women to be anti birth control and stand behind their faith. Another argument of the Catholic Church reads as; Evil practices and the methods of pro- curing race suicide safely are taught by circulars and brochures to young and old and are even expounded in the Government schools (Reiterman, Carl. Birth Control and Catholics. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 4, no. 2, 1965, pp. 213â€Å"233). It was seen that birth control, which was created outside of the church was no more than propaganda. Propaganda was seen as something evil that was meant to break the church. Many religious women believed that their body was a sacrifice to bare children. So in any case whether it be harmless or life risking, it was meant to be at the hand of god and they were willing to risk their life for a baby. They saw that if a woman was in danger and survived that child-birth she was blessed. The catholic church was really about being natural and raw to god and the church. Another argument provided by the Catholic Church was that its families were beginning to decline. So preventing families from growing was going to completely get rid of the Catholic faith which was unacceptable. They began speaking out against doctors for having such current ideas and for promoting the end of child baring womens lives specifically to spite the religions view points and beliefs. This was another reason many people stood by their church. After reading so many view points on why birth control was a divide between people I came across an article that actually promoted contraception. In 1967 an author and Doctor who went by the name of Margaret Sanger published an article called The Journal of Sex Research. In this article she talks about her heart wrenching encounters with women in extreme conditions and how she could no longer stand by and do nothing. She traveled and studied multiple different types of contraceptives. It ranged from studying contraceptive jellies in Germany to relating and researching the cervical cap, then on to the intrauterine ring and many more. She was also a key person in the creation and distribution of oral contraception. Sanger believed that all women should have the right to contraceptives and she made it a personal mission for that to happen. She became the founder of I.P.P.F also known as the International Planned Parenthood Fund. She created a place where women could go that was judgement free and provided services that benefitted their health. She was 100% supportive of innovative technology to further her ideas and wanted a worldwide solution. She was nominated for both a Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 and for the Presidential Freedom Award in 1965 and while she didnt receive either she was proud to create an establishment for research and the protection of women and their bodies. H. G. Wells also contributed the legacy Sanger was leaving behind by saying The movement she started will grow to be, a hundred years from now, the most influential of all time in controlling mans destiny on earth. (Lehfeldt, Hans. Margaret Sanger and the Modern Contraceptive Techniques. The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 3, no. 4, 1967, pp. 253â€Å"255). This woman opened up a research facility and a haven for women to go to without fearing the judgement of those around them. Margaret Sanger is also mentioned in our current History class textbook called Through Womens Eyes, where her bibliography is listed of what drove her to be so passionate about the contraceptive industry. Sanger was called to a case where a woman had given herself multiple abortions and she fell ill because she didnt have resources to prevent pregnancies from happening. She physically witnessed a male doctor turn a blind eye and laugh as if it were something funny, that a woman would ask for a way to keep from getting pregnant. This led Margaret Sanger to push for what became not only a legacy but a legend in the contraceptive industry and a step towards more womens rights. If you are interested in reading her bibliography the title is Woman and Birth Control, by Margaret Sanger. My conclusion of what divided people from being pro-contraceptive or anti-contraceptive; creating a great divide, is a matter of opinion and belief. There were people who simply thought it was outlandish that a woman would deny the seed of their husband making birth control out of the question. There was religious faith that denied birth control because they believed it was nothing more than propaganda and women were put on earth to pro-create and carry religious beliefs down the line so the church would not diminish. Lastly, there were people who believed birth control could solve health issues because it would prevent the creation of dangerous techniques to abort unborn children and harm the women in the process, possibly leading to their death or close to a deathly experience. Works Cited Fite, Warner. Birth-Control and Biological Ethics. International Journal of Ethics, vol. 27, no. 1, 1916, pp. 50â€Å"66. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2376956. Reiterman, Carl. Birth Control and Catholics. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 4, no. 2, 1965, pp. 213â€Å"233. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1384139. Lehfeldt, Hans. Margaret Sanger and the Modern Contraceptive Techniques. The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 3, no. 4, 1967, pp. 253â€Å"255. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3811979. References Sanger, Margaret. Woman and Birth Control. Through Womens Eyes, An American History With Documents. 1912, pp. 430-431

Business Continuity Plan For The Small Home Based Business

Every business, from well-established organizations such as Microsoft to the small home based business that operates out of a basement is bound to experience operational setbacks from time to time. These setbacks can be both positive and negative interruptions of normal business flow. For example, an organization might experience a demand for a product at a rate not originally anticipated, generating more revenue than expected, but leaving the organization struggling to avoid back order. Organizations might find themselves victims of theft, or sabotage, and of course no organization is impervious to the consequences of operating in the natural world. Fires, floods, storms, power outages, and other variables beyond the control of the organization have the ability to bring an entire company to a halt. While these situations are not entirely avoidable, an organization’s ability to recover from such setbacks largely depends on how much energy has been invested into identifying and mitigating risk through the use of a well-established business continuity plan. Lindros and Tittel (2013) explain that business continuity refers to maintaining business functions, or quickly recovering such functions in the event of a major disruption, and the lack of planning doesn’t just mean an organization will take longer to recover, but may never recover at all. The first step to developing an effective continuity plan is a thorough planning process in which an organization establishesShow MoreRelatedDisaster Recovery1475 Words   |  6 PagesRecovery Plan Overview By Loki Consulting, Inc. Iris Morgan Heather German Gwen Northrup EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Loki Consulting, Inc. was established in 1997 as a result of Hurricane Fran. Many businesses were devastated by the storm due to the absence of a disaster recovery plan. Realizing the need for disaster recovery consultation, Loki Consulting, Inc. was created to provide businesses with expert knowledge on implementing a critical component of any organization large or small. LokiRead MoreBusiness Continuity And Disaster Planning2073 Words   |  9 Pages Final Paper Created By David A. Kennedy Business Continuity and Disaster Planning FES6827 Dr. Lindsey Be Prepared Owning a business can have many stressors day to day. When starting a business there is a lot of planning and preparation involved. Many small businesses are owners who have put their own money into the business and look at it as an investment. Unfortunately with all the planning that goes into starting a business, one thing is often over looked. Most of the timeRead MoreBusiness Continuity Plan as a Part of Risk Management18773 Words   |  76 Pages.................................................7 CHAPTER 1 RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................8 1.1 The Definition of Risk ............................................................... 8 1.2 Risk in Business Activity......................................................... 10 1.2.1 Types of Risk ..................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Methods of Risk Evaluation..................................Read MoreA Brief Note On Risk Management And Business Management2368 Words   |  10 PagesMANAGEMENT BUSINESS CONTINTUITY MANAGEMENT M3N211756 SMEs and BCM in the UK (2483) â€Æ' There is a perception in the UK that Small – Medium Enterprises (SMEs) generally don’t implement Business Continuity Management (BCM). BCM is becoming more and more standard but its benefits aren’t always clear. SME is an acronym of Small – Medium Enterprises. An enterprises size is defined, in EU Law, by its number of employees and either the turnover or balance sheet total. A small enterprise hasRead MoreCrisis Management of Potential Site Risks in Quebec1776 Words   |  7 PagesCrisis Management Potential site risk in Quebec Earthquake According to the Kovacs (2010) each year, around 4000 earthquakes are recorded in Canada. These earthquakes are mostly small but some earthquakes are large. A huge earthquake will strike some day everywhere in Canada. There is 5 to 15 percent probability that earthquake will strike in Southern Quebec including Montreal and Quebec City in the following fifty years. The western Quebec seismic zone includes Montreal. Even though the risk isRead MoreContingency Plans Related to Disaster Recovery1446 Words   |  6 Pagesa backup. She demonstrates the necessity as she states, â€Å"during an extended IT outage you are going to appreciate a paper-based fallback system like a kid wanting cold, soothing ice cream after a tonsillectomy†. I believe this situation is a prime example of the importance of contingency plans. Additionally, I believe it impeccably exemplifies the dynamics of contingency plans, as well as their actual use. In terms of the use of EHRs in disaster response, Hurricane Katrina is a prime example. DueRead MoreBusiness Continuity Planning and Strategic Pre-Incident Change3348 Words   |  14 PagesEssay: Business Continuity and strategic pre-incident changes the company would follow to ensure the well-being of the enterprise. Pre-Incident Planning: Good Business Continuity Planning starts with being proactive. That means taking concrete steps to plan for an incident much before it actually strikes. There is no one single approach that fits for all types of incidents as no two emergencies are identical. Much of business continuity planning varies based on the size of the company, company’sRead MoreManaging A Brand Personality And Producing Brand Acknowledgement Through Advertising Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ 3. Consistent development in sales from start up through year three. †¢ 4. To create consumer loyalty so that no less than 35% of our client base is return business. 5. Create a lucrative network for contracted technicians. Graph: Mission: We will likely set the standard for on location PC arrangements through quick, on location administration and reaction. Our clients will dependably get one-on-one individual consideration at an extremely reasonable cost. Our clients will get the most astoundingRead MoreExternal Environment Analysis1926 Words   |  8 Pagesdemands. Sam Walton experienced strong competition from retailers such as Target and Kmart when he decided to expand the company. Currently, many retailers compete with Wal-Mart; however, the company has diversified to tire servicing, pharmaceuticals, home improvement, and in-store restaurants. Wal-Mart is presently capable of competing in a wide-ranging market. Wal-Mart operates throughout the world in various segments including super centers, neighborhood markets, discount stores, and the Wal-MartRead MoreAn Explanation of Different Business Types Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesproprietorship is a business that is solely ran by one person. â€Å"According to data from 2003, there were more than 17.5 million proprietorships operating in the U.S. and those generated $969 billion in revenues† (Hodgetts Kuratko, 2008). Establishing a sole proprietorship is easy if an owner uses one’s own name or can use a trade name by filing with the city of business. Financial advantages to a sole proprietorship include all the profits belong to the owner of the business minus taxes, social

“What About Bob” Vs. “A Beautiful Mind” Free Essays

Comparison Paper Watching these two movies, â€Å"What about Bob? † And â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† really opens your eyes to problems that many people In our world face throughout their daily lives. These movies provide us with an opportunity to become better acquainted with the reality of disorders and help us realize that real people do struggle with these issues and that these issues can affect the person themselves or their family or even their psychiatrist. But what we also can learn from these movies is that everyone, even people with disorders, can contribute good things to the world around them. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"What About Bob† Vs. â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† John Nash Is a smart man who soon develops schizophrenia. His schizophrenia consists of seeing people and believing people are out to get him. His schizophrenia becomes so bad that it burdens his wife and friends. It becomes difficult for his wife to love him and she is uncomfortable around him. At one point in the movie, his delusions cause him to almost drown his baby and cause him to knock his wife on the ground. John Nash, after going to a mental hospital, and seeing a therapist, still had bad delusions, but, he was so smart that he himself figured out owe to Ignore his delusions and continue on with life semi-normally. Although Nash still has schizophrenia he is still super intelligent and uses his intelligence too help the world around him. Nash goes on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work on game theory, which helps with economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic and biology. The Nobel Prize is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics, generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field. Receiving this award proves that even though Nash has a reverie disorder he Is still able to contribute a lot to the world around him. John Nash also contributes his knowledge to young college students. Nash, after figuring out how to control his delusions began again working at Princeton university as a professor. Being a professor at an Ivy League school like Princeton is a pretty admirable accomplishment. Teaching college at the Ivy League level is definitely contributing to the world around him, because, not only is he teaching the younger generation, he Is teaching some of the smartest people in the world. Now, because of Nash these students can go into the real world having learned very valuable information. Lastly, John Nash contributed something good to a very close part of his world. John Nash was married and his wife loved him very much. Although his schizophrenia was a burden to his wife and the love between them, she still loved him very much and wanted to be with him. He gave his wife love, which, I think Is the best thing you can give to someone. In â€Å"What About Bob? † Bob Wiley Is a man with separation anxiety disorder and many phobias. Because of these problems, Bob, is always apprehensive and in a state of panic. Bob is a very difficult client for therapists because he becomes so attached to people. He drove away his first therapist and caused his second one, Dry. Marvin, to go insane. Although Bob is annoying to be around and causes problems for some people, he also helps people Marvin tried numerous times to teach Saggy how to dive into the lake but he was unsuccessful. Bob tried to teach Saggy how to dive and he was successful. While trying to teach him how to dive, Bob realized that he is afraid of docks and water and diving into the water. Bobs fears make Saggy want to teach him that it’s not that scary. So while showing Bob how to dive, Saggy Inadvertently teaches himself to not be scared and he couldn’t have done it without Bob. Bob also brought Joy to Dry. Margin’s family. Although, Dry. Marvin was not very fond of Bob, Bob made the Marvin family happy and helped them to really enjoy their vacation because of his personality. He brought Joy to them because they all came together and kind of took Bob in and took care of him; he was like another child in the family. Dry. Margin’s wife enjoyed Bob’s resend so much that she invited him to stay for dinner and then sleepover their house one night. Dry. Margin’s daughter also enjoyed Bob’s presence so much that she invited him to hangout with her and her friends on their sailboat. Despite Mr.. Marvin hating him, Bob helps him in a few ways. The first way Bob helps Dry. Marvin is during dinner one night. Dry. Marvin is choking on food and Bob saves him by giving him the Heimlich. Although this really has nothing to do with Bob’s disorder it still shows that he can do good things for the people around him. Bob also helped Dry. Marvin with his interview on Good Morning America. Bob was originally not supposed to be in the interview but because of his attachment to Dry. Marvin he got himself on the show. At first Dry. Marvin thought that this was an awful idea but soon that proved to be wrong. Dry. Marvin froze up and didn’t know what to say while Bob, posing as Dry. Margin’s patient, talks very highly of the Dry. Margin’s book and talks about how good of a therapist he is. Bob’s presence on this show really helped Dry. Marvin look really good to everyone. Both of these movies present us with characters that have pretty severe disorders in their respective spectrums of severity. These movies show us how their disorders really make daily life difficult for them and others surrounding them. While showing the bad sides of their disorders these movies also show their good sides and what they can offer to the world and everyone around them. I have grown up with and around people with disorders and disabilities and I know for a fact that each person, even with a disorder, can contribute something special and unique to the world. How to cite â€Å"What About Bob† Vs. â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†, Papers

Yea Budyy free essay sample

Her notification was timely, and the problem with the bird was a material and substantial impairment because Smith had paid a high price specifically for breeders, not two male emus for pets. [Smith v. Penbridge Associates, Inc. , 655 A. 2d 1015 (Pa. Super. )] 4. Revocation of acceptance. The court held that the shopping club had given the seller enough time to try and fix the defects, that the fixes were not forthcoming and that the buyer certainly had the right of revocation of acceptance if the right of rejection had expired. The buyer had accepted the goods but could revoke acceptance if (1) the defects substantially impaired the value of the washers; and (2) the defect was not readily discoverable until after the sales to customers occurred. [Aetna Chemical Co. v. Spaulding amp; Kimball Co. , 126 A. 582 (Vt. )] 10. What constitutes acceptance of goods. Yes. The use of the concrete forming equipment for more than six months of construction was an act inconsistent with rejection of the goods and constituted an acceptance of the goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Yea Budyy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [Economy Forms Corp. v. Kandy, Inc. , 391 F. Supp. 44 (N. D. Ga. )] Chapter 27 – 1, 3, 8, 9 and 11 1. Statute of limitations. Firwoods resale may have taken three years, and the contract goods may have been sold as parts, but Firwood acted in good faith in trying to mitigate damages because there simply was no market for PCIs at the time of General Tires breach. Firwood acted in good faith and pursued buyers diligently over that three-year period. While the time period may be less than optimal and the sale of the goods as parts not always desirable, Firwood did the best it could given the market following the breach. Â  Rejection of improper tender. Yes. Formetal immediately notified Presto of the defects. Presto had the right to repossess the goods, but failed to do so. Additionally, Presto showed no evidence that it wished to cure the defect. [Presto Mfg. Co. v. Formetal Engineering Co. , 360 N. E. 2d 510 (Ill. App. )] 8. Breach of contract. Mrs. Kirby could reject the wheelchair and sue for breach of contract. She might also try breach of warranty in that it did not meet specifications and perhaps there was a warranty for a particular purpose. However, the court held that the best remedy was for breach of contract with the wheelchair returned, her money refunded and her right to go elsewhere to cover and recover the price difference for a proper wheelchair.

Yea Budyy free essay sample

Her notification was timely, and the problem with the bird was a material and substantial impairment because Smith had paid a high price specifically for breeders, not two male emus for pets. [Smith v. Penbridge Associates, Inc. , 655 A. 2d 1015 (Pa. Super. )] 4. Revocation of acceptance. The court held that the shopping club had given the seller enough time to try and fix the defects, that the fixes were not forthcoming and that the buyer certainly had the right of revocation of acceptance if the right of rejection had expired. The buyer had accepted the goods but could revoke acceptance if (1) the defects substantially impaired the value of the washers; and (2) the defect was not readily discoverable until after the sales to customers occurred. [Aetna Chemical Co. v. Spaulding amp; Kimball Co. , 126 A. 582 (Vt. )] 10. What constitutes acceptance of goods. Yes. The use of the concrete forming equipment for more than six months of construction was an act inconsistent with rejection of the goods and constituted an acceptance of the goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Yea Budyy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [Economy Forms Corp. v. Kandy, Inc. , 391 F. Supp. 44 (N. D. Ga. )] Chapter 27 – 1, 3, 8, 9 and 11 1. Statute of limitations. Firwoods resale may have taken three years, and the contract goods may have been sold as parts, but Firwood acted in good faith in trying to mitigate damages because there simply was no market for PCIs at the time of General Tires breach. Firwood acted in good faith and pursued buyers diligently over that three-year period. While the time period may be less than optimal and the sale of the goods as parts not always desirable, Firwood did the best it could given the market following the breach. Â  Rejection of improper tender. Yes. Formetal immediately notified Presto of the defects. Presto had the right to repossess the goods, but failed to do so. Additionally, Presto showed no evidence that it wished to cure the defect. [Presto Mfg. Co. v. Formetal Engineering Co. , 360 N. E. 2d 510 (Ill. App. )] 8. Breach of contract. Mrs. Kirby could reject the wheelchair and sue for breach of contract. She might also try breach of warranty in that it did not meet specifications and perhaps there was a warranty for a particular purpose. However, the court held that the best remedy was for breach of contract with the wheelchair returned, her money refunded and her right to go elsewhere to cover and recover the price difference for a proper wheelchair.

Boeing Strategic Plan

Introduction With the current era of hyper-competition in the global markets, contemporary organizations need to devise strategic plans for their competency. Being one of the most potential companies in the aerospace industry, Boeing Company has been observed to employ highly efficient and effective competitive strategies for its better performance in the future. Particularly, the company has largely been considerate on the underlying crisis in the global economy, and subsequently been devoted to meet the needs of the society today.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Boeing Strategic Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background Information of Boeing Company Boeing Company is one of the largest aircraft manufacturing companies of the world, having its headquarters in the United States. Notably, Boeing has been one of the most competitive aircraft manufacturing companies whose proficiency in building military and aerospace products has been credible since its establishment in the year 1917. According to Collopy (2004), the introduction of the company’s commercial aircraft 707 in the year 1958 was a great success since the company continued leading in the entire industry for commercial aircraft. Since Boeing Company produces a variety of aerospace products like commercial airplanes, jets and military aircrafts among other, its prosperity in the aerospace industry is high. More so, the variety of products offers the company larger customer base, increasing its profitability largely. Considering the performance trend of Boeing Company in the aerospace industry, the company has devised strategic plan of building more superior aircrafts which are capable of carrying larger number of passengers for larger distances without immediate stops. Since Boeing 707 seemed smaller and unable to travel long distances without immediate stops, the development of Boeing 787 has been cost effective s ince it has larger capacity to carry more passengers for longer distances without stops. This has been a cost-effective strategy, considering the current soaring of oil prices and higher federal taxes. On this basis, extensive and intensive technological research on producing energy efficient aircrafts has been one of the major strategies for Boeing Company on the basis of the current economic crisis (Pearce Robinson, 2010). Mission and Vision Statements of Boeing Company Being a quality and integrity oriented company; Boeing has been devoted to run healthy business leveraged activities by focusing on the ability of its products to meet the needs of the global society. According to Vasigh et al (2009), the vision statement of Boeing Company is ‘People working together as a global society for aerospace leadership’. One of the key competencies for realizing this vision in the company is its detailed customer-knowledge and focused engineering body to facilitate and mainta in high competency. As reported by Maierbrugger (2011), the mission statement of Boeing Company is ‘To be a world-class leader in the aerospace industry by practicing highest ethical standards in its business activities.’ Mainly, the company’s core values are geared towards leadership, integrity, quality, customer satisfaction and teamwork for the best performance.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Internal and external Analysis of Boeing Company Boeing’s strong brand name and company reputation is one of the company’s greatest strengths. The long-standing reputation of Boeing in the industry has resulted in new business for Boeing including a major contract with the U.S. Navy. A competent workforce is a key success factor to a successful organization. Boeing realizes the value that competent managers and employees bring, and therefore is investing in hiring additional workforce to support new business worldwide. For example, Boeing hired approximately 1,000 people in the first month of 2011 in order to prepare the company for growth and future production requirements. An additional strength of Boeing is the quality of their products. Boeing has emphasized product quality since the company began (Maierbrugger, 2011). Boeing’s strengths outweigh their weaknesses. One of the weaknesses for the company includes the high development cost needed to build an aircraft. The amount of time and resources required to build Boeing’s products (aircraft) are much higher than what most companies in other industries face. Another weakness that could potentially harm Boeing is their asset/debt ratio. Boeing’s assets outweigh their debt by 15%, which provides little access to quick cash if needed by the company. Boeing’s asset/debt ratio, although undesirable is in line with its competition within the indu stry (Vasigh et al, 2009). The biggest opportunity that exists for Boeing is to continue to invest in research and development to discover new technology that can be used to build environmentally friendly products. For example the airline industry, along with many other industries around the world is investing in research in an effort to find alternative fuels to power planes. If Boeing was the first aircraft manufacturer to offer a â€Å"green† fuel that their products could run off of then they would have a competitive advantage in the industry (Collopy, 2004). Boeing, along with its competitors is constantly in a position where their business could be dramatically negatively affected by events out of their control such as terrorist attempts and natural disasters. For example the terrorist attacks of September 11th caused fear of flying for many people and therefore the demand for aircrafts from airlines decreased until customers were comfortable flying again. Another threa t to Boeing is the high tax rates and government regulation on the airline industry.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Boeing Strategic Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Airlines are forced to absorb much of the cost associated with the increase in taxes since the industry is so sensitive to ticket price increases. Many of the airlines have responded by trying to extend the life of aircrafts that should have been replaced or modernized at an earlier date (Maierbrugger, 2011). Long Term Objectives and Strategy Analysis for Boeing Company Boeing’s most recent brand strategy to close the gap between how Boeing is perceived and what Boeing actually offers. Though Boeing is widely recognized as the reputable manufacturer of commercial airplanes, it is not widely known that Boeing is also a leader in space technology, military aircraft and defense systems, and communications (Brown, 2010). Particularly, the strategic alternative available for Boeing Company is the establishment of intensive and extensive research on innovations relating to aircraft manufacturing. Considering the current crisis in the oil sector and increasing federal taxes, the development of more energy-efficient aircrafts through high innovations will enhance better performance for Boeing in the long-run. Though extensive research may be very expensive the current trend of the world’s technologies are highly dependent on intensive research due to their dynamic nature. Boeing Company’s Goals and their Implementation One of the key goals for Boeing Company is to become an industry leader by producing outstanding products, capable of meeting the needs of the society. Particularly, the ability of the company to realize this goal lies on its ability to have highly competitive engineering team which will be able to carryout effective and efficient innovations. This goal should be implemented through the m ost competitive outsourcing engineers across the globe. By having highly competitive and efficient body of engineers, the company has the potential to develop the most effective and fuel-efficient aircrafts, resulting into its products becoming economical for commercial airlines (Vasigh et al, 2009). Critical Success Factors for Boeing Company Considering the currently experienced crises, Boeing Company should ultimately consider one of the most critical issues and anticipate addressing it. In this case, one of the main crisis events that Boeing Company should anticipate is the currently soaring fuel prices. Since most of its aircrafts are meant for commercial airlines, the company should ultimately consider the innovations in fuel-efficient products. Considering the global trend of the oil crisis, Boeing should massively anticipate in dealing with the crisis without losing the popularity of its products. By producing fuel efficient aerospace products, it will be more efficient and economical for its customers to meet the costs of maintaining the operational costs of the products (Maierbrugger, 2011).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Controls and Evaluation Methods for Boeing Company In order to control and evaluate the strategies adopted in the company, Boeing Company should establish a control management body to evaluate the efficiency of any innovation developed. This set management body should evaluate the innovations both in the short-run and the long-run to determine the validity and reliability of the options adopted. Since the company’s brand name is highly reputable, the company should establish closer link to its customers to get sufficient feedback of the products invented in order to facilitate corrections for the best performance (Maierbrugger, 2011). Conclusion Generally, the future prospects of Boeing Company should entirely be based on strategizing its production patterns to meet the needs of the global society. More so, the company should ultimately consider producing larger aircrafts to increase reduce cost benefit ratio among the commercial airline companies. By having larger aircrafts which are able to have higher carriage capacity, the company will facilitate better relationship with the airline industry, since the prevailing crisis like the soaring of oil prices and taxes will not reduce profitability in the industry. References Brown, J. (2010). Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. International  Journal, 72(5): 342-357. Collopy, P. (2004). Military Technology Pull and the Structure of the Commercial Aircraft Industry. Journal Of Aircraft, [Available online] Web. Maierbrugger, A. (2011). Boeing expects robust growth in airline industry. Retrieved from: https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/boeing-expects-robust-growth-in-airline-industry-1.762677 Pearce, J. Robinson, R. (2010). Strategic Management 12th Edition. New York: McGraw- Hill Publishers. Vasigh, B., Fleming, K. Tacker, T. (2009). Introduction to Air Transport Economics:  Boeing Case. London: Ashgate Press. This term paper on Boeing Strategic Plan was written and submitted by user Colten Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Describe and Discuss the Multistore Model of Memory Essays

Describe and Discuss the Multistore Model of Memory Essays Describe and Discuss the Multistore Model of Memory Essay Describe and Discuss the Multistore Model of Memory Essay Describe and Discuss the Multistore Model of Memory The multi-store model of memory was the idea of Atkinson and Shiffrin. Atkinson and Shiffrin suggested that memory was compromised of three separate stores the Sensory Memory store, the Short-term Memory (STM) store, and the Long-term Memory (LTM) store. They presented a diagram to show this. The multi-store model of memory is a theoretical explanation of how memory processes work. It was the first extensively accepted model of how memory works, it is however not the definitive explanation of memory. Information is said to pass through each stage in a fixed sequence. There are limitations of capacity and duration at each separate stage. Information can easily be lost from either of the stages. The first stage of the model is the sensory memory. The name derives from the fact that the information received is sensual, i. e. visual or auditory. In the sensory memory there is a limited ability to store information from the environment in a moderately unprocessed way for less than a second. Information received will either decay or be passed forward to the short term store. In the Short-term store, memory is sorted. Its capacity is 18-30 seconds, and is 7 items on average. Things that need to be remembered for longer than this time pass into the rehearsal loop. In here, memory is rehearsed over and over in the mind, which enables it to be passed into long-term memory store. The Long-term memory store has an infinite capacity and is the main store of memory. It is encoded semantically, which means emotions and feelings of meaning are attached to memories. The multistore model shows this as the third section along the fixed sequence. After passing into the Long-term memory store, memories can be recalled. The psychological community accepted this model in the majority, however the main problem with this model is that it is too simple. Short-term memory and Long-term memory are not stored in one place as this memory sugest, but rather spread out in different parts of the brain. For example, Badderly’s working memory model shows us there are many different sections of Short-term memory, but does not take into account the Sensory memory or Long-term memory aspects of memory. Overall, the multistore memory model is a simplified way of introducing memory to new psychologists. Using models such as Badderly’s to introduce memory would be too complex. So the multistore model is used. It makes it easy for us to learn about memory from no prior knowledge, and sums up in an easy way how memory works. Peter Griffith 20:42 – 28/11/10

The Triangle of Fire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Triangle of Fire - Essay Example The Triangle fire, also known as ‘Triangle Shirtwaist Fire’ was a disaster in which 146 workers, a majority of which were women, died. What makes this incident even more horrifying is the fact that these women leaped to their deaths or that they were trapped inside the infrastructure. Due to aspects of workplace safety overlooked by the management; such as unsafe working conditions, in adequate fire escapes, no fire extinguishers and a lack of instilling emergency procedures as part of workers training. It was this tragedy which highlighted the negatives of the workplace conditions of the industrialization era – Low wages, tedious hours and an unsanitary work environment. (Cornell, 2011, p.3). Above all, it goes to show the general lack of concern for the low class but hardworking factory workers residing in America. The deaths of the victims on that day, a living proof of industrial greed, led to these 146 women being labeled as ‘martyrs.’ This was s imply because of the consequences that resulted due to the Triangle Fire tragedy. There was wave of new awareness regarding work place safety, implementation of higher industry regulations. Despite all that one cannot help but point out the fact that it still failed to eliminate sweatshops from American soil. You see, Sweatshops initially existed for the intent of producing a large amount of clothing items, with their competitive advantage being the incorporation of cheap labor wages for the employees. The setup of these buildings left little room for spacious utilization, infact these buildings were cramped, with very few fans or windows. The factory workers received meager pays, worked long and hard hours with rare breaks and the place had poor facilities and little room to accommodate the large amount of workers. To gain a clearer picture of the happenings that took place in the Asch Building, where the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was based lets look at the description given by S adie Frowne, a swear shop employee: â€Å"The machines go like mad all day because the faster you work the more money you get. Sometimes in my haste I get my finger caught and the needle goes right through it.    It goes so quick, though, that it does not hurt much.    I bind the finger up with a piece of cotton and go on working".   The terror and the fear that the young workers felt can also been seen in the way another worker, Rose Cohen, describes her first day at the factory â€Å"He kicked a chair, from which the back had been broken off, to the finisher's table. My hands trembled so that I could not hold the needle properly.† As horrifying as that sounds, even today, despite all the progress that we have made as far as labor reform is concerned we cannot help but still see undercurrents of the industrialization era as Jo Ann depicts it. Studies conducted by the U.S Department of Labor show that over 67% of the garment factories of Los Angeles and approximately 6 3% of New York City factories, are in direct violation of minimum wage as well as overtime laws. Also it is seen that 98% of these factories in Los Angeles have such lax workplace safety regulations that serious health and security risks for the workers exist. These include long term severe injuries or death (Cornell, 2011, p.2). Furthermore it goes to reflect the destitute conditions that these workers still settle for even after 100 years of

In an attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In an attachment - Essay Example The conceptual framework is criticised for not fulfilling its functional objectives, principally that of providing a basis for guiding standard-setting and resolving accounting controversies. Notably, the body has failed to achieve its goals of standardizing the financial statements due to its inherent focus on reporting rather in the quality of statements. Critics have suggested a convergence of the FASB and the IASB as the best approach to eliminate the weaknesses of the conceptual framework and inject efficiency in international accounting. The focus of this essay is to identify the weaknesses of this framework and recommend possible strategies to eliminate them. Before the establishment of the IFRS, various bodies that regulated standards were localized to their nations and states. Such bodies include the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The IASB originated from the International Accounting Standards Committee that regulated business accounting the USA. Later, IASB became the mother of the IFRS. On the other hand, the Financial Accounting Standards Board is a private non-profit organization and is responsible for developing generally acceptable accounting principles within USA for public organizations. Both organizations have closely related missions and goals. At the end of the day, they are expected to establish standards that regulate investors in the business market, so as to make the business operations transparent and comparable. The IASB, in its nature, is a principle based accounting system that confides in principles rather that any set of fixed rules (Gebhardt & D ean, 2008). This is among the reasons why the board has attracted more attention and found as the most appropriate system of international accounting. However, the system seems to suffer from a number of weaknesses that have

The Place of a Code of Ethics in the Practice of a Profession Essay

The Place of a Code of Ethics in the Practice of a Profession - Essay Example The paper further strives to comprehend whether engineering can be regarded as a profession or not. Moreover, the paper will also identify the role of ethical responsibilities during the functioning of engineers. IS ENGINEERING A PROFESSION? DO ENGINEERS HAVE SPECIAL ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES? Engineering can be concerned with the work and practices that are carried from the part of an engineer. Engineering basically deals with that particular branch of science and technology which is mainly concerned with the use of machines, engines, designing and building large structures. Engineering is a practice that involves skillful work and requires very deep intellectual knowledge regarding the construction of large structures. They are responsible for planning and designing proper layouts that are widely implemented in construction activities. Nonetheless, the concerning part of this case would be to analyses, whether engineering can be considered to be a profession or not? Engineering can definitely be considered as a profession. Contextually, it can be argued that engineering is a profession which demands greater responsibility and considerable competencies in order to render the service as a proficient engineer. Besides, it is considered to be as one of the most profitable professions in the current context that generates a large number of profits. It is true that the concept of engineering is defined with broad ethics and principles but the activities concerned with this concept are large enough to generate value for the engineers. It is considered to be a prodigious profession. At the same time, engineering can be considered to be a very challenging profession owing to the reason that the liability of an engineer is relatively high as compared to other professions. An engineer cannot hide his/her mistakes. Any mistake from his/her part tends to get reflected in his work. For example, if he/she constructs a building that is not up to the mark as per the designed l ayout an engineer will be held responsible for this poor design.

Hobbes Concept of the State of Nature Analysis

Hobbes Concept of the State of Nature Analysis Explain and assess Hobbes claim that the state of nature would be a war in which every man is enemy to every man. Hobbes concept of the state of nature that he proposed in the Leviathan was defined merely as a condition of war, without the creation of a civil society he suggested that there would be a war where ‘every man is enemy to every man’. Hobbes assumption of human nature is based around the absence of a political society such as government; where no laws or rules are present. This condition creates a society filled with individuals living in constant fear and leads to perpetual war. In the first section of this essay I will explain the foundations that characterized Hobbes idea of the state of nature around and whether there is any escape from it. I will then go onto to evaluate whether this state of nature is only defined by savage behaviour and war and how other philosophers such as Locke and Rousseau researched the state of nature to come up with conclusions that contradict Hobbes original theory. Hobbes stated that an individual’s natural condition is seen ultimately as egoist, with no concerns of morality each are driven by a powerful desire to amass great power. This instinctual drive cannot be restrained due to the lack of an overarching authority in society. Thus each human is continuously seeking to destroy the other in pursuit of reputation and self-preservation. This ultimately leads to life being ‘nasty, brutish and short’ (Hobbes, 1982). Hobbes believed that morality could not exist in such a state and that judgments centred around good and evil cannot exist until they are dictated by a higher authority present in society. Individual’s naturally attempt to increase their power sources as a means of future protection, this combined with their need to acquire what they like leads to this continual competition between each other. However we need to question whether this competition in the state of nature would eventually lead to war? Another assumption Hobbes puts forward is that all men are equal by nature, meaning that each of them possess equal abilities to accumulate powers and to gain what their appetites desire. However he recognises that there are limited resources available which encourages competition leading to each becoming enemies and supporting his quote of every man is enemy to every man. You would think that by regarding equality Hobbes would consider that we should respect each other and act with compassion but Hobbes definition of equality relates to the idea that we all retain the same level of skill and strength therefore we all hold the same capacity to kill one and another. It is a condition in which ‘every man has right to everything; even to another’s body’ (Hobbes, 1982) This concept was supported by Doyle who identified that men were equal as they had similar passions and potentialities, they were mostly dominated by lusts and inner passions which were out of their con trol (Doyle 1927, pg. 353) He went further to state that the condition of life was one of never ending war as ‘justice and injustice have no place’. Hobbes main idea of self-preservation in the state of nature can be exemplified by Plato’s story of the Ring of Gyges. Those in possession of this ring acquire the power of invisibility. With this ring, the individual either decides to act morally or immorally (Plato, 2007) Individuals in the state of nature would use this ring to satisfy their own personal desire. Whilst in possession of this ring they would be able to obtain everything they want, it would be very beneficial in terms of survival. Hobbes suggestion is that if individuals were presented with the ring they would not hesitate using it as it would provide protection and self-preservation which is their main focus due their egoistic makeup, this supports his idea of the condition of mankind. There are therefore 3 key main elements which characterise the state of nature; glory competition, and diffidence. These are known as the causes of quarrel. We are primarily concerned with our own safety and Hill (2006 pg. 134) reinforced Hobbes idea that uncertainty about the character and behaviour of others in society leads to mistrust due to the lack of confidence in the motive of others which turns them against each other. This consequently leads to the establishment of a sovereign to enforce authority over society. Hobbes definition of the state of war is not characterized by violence but as an individual’s constant readiness to fight. This state becomes too harsh that human beings naturally seek peace due to reason, and the best way to this goal is to create the Leviathan through what is called the ‘social contract’ which is entails having an ultimate sovereign as a legitimate source of power. The state will function due an element of fear being present whi ch will ultimately protect and ensure that the contract is followed, people would have given up their rights and overall power to the government. As Alexandra (2001) stated that to escape from a state of nature it is necessary that the fundamental laws of nature are accepted as â€Å"public standards of behaviour† (pg.3), and according to Hobbes this can only be achieved if all people agree to limit their rights and to act to in accordance. Even though Hobbes viewed this nature as a battle and struggle between men for the ultimate goal of survival, there are arguments against this idea that the state of nature is characterized by a chaotic world of continual fear between individuals. Locke interpretation of the state of nature was one of perfect freedom were men inherently have a sense of morality which discourages them from engaging in acts of evil. We can thus resolve any conflicts. He depicted the idea of men not having any incentives to â€Å"destroy himself, or any creature in his possession†. It is reason that leads the way in preserving a peaceful life, and teaches us that harming one another is not a moral action (Locke, 2005) From Locke’s analysis on the state, we can see that it contradicts Hobbes views on human nature. One on hand the individual is represented as good with an innate moral instinct while the other is a self-driven creature, we need to regard whether it is possible to live an acce ptable life in the absence of government or sovereign rule? Thomas.J (2009) researched to conclude that men have always been under the influence of some degree of authority, and even when there has been no control exercised by the state it has been god that has inspired them to act in a kindly manner with generosity. Men have the natural habitual ability of living with other members of their society without becoming a â€Å"social animal†. He developed his ideas further and stated that even before the state emerged, fathers were seen as the dominant figure in households and ruled over their wife and children; families were seen as ‘a unit of social organisation’. Doyle backed up the idea presented by Thomas by stating that human beings were predestined to perform acts of evil through god, so we needed to question whether they could really be held responsible for their actions.(1927, Pg. 340). He however went onto support Hobbes claim that men were dominated by their natural instinct and were free to act as they wished, which meant they only had the power to evil. Nevertheless we also needed to consider that the action of good deeds by man is seen as automatic (1927 pg. 342) The main concept Hobbes failed to examine and take into consideration when coming up with his theory of the state of nature is that humans have a social inclinations which include affection, building relationships and friendship which leads us to being rational human beings. This social nature embed into humans is one that drives them to cooperate. Merriam (1906) examined Hobbes literature and notice how he failed to recognize the existence of social qualities in human nature. The fundamental laws of nature commands all men to be peaceable but to also be compliant with each other, even if they entered a state of war nature would command them to be socially minded and love one another which would minimalize any effects of war between man. This statement was contradicted by Haji (1991) who argued that individuals fail to realise the benefits that cooperation with others would bring in the long term and would rather just opt for the short term benefits of them choosing to not cooperate and act solely, this leads to a course of action where everyone in society decides to not cooperate than achieve any effects through cooperation which ultimately leads to a continual fight for self-preservation. It is clear that both researchers have examined the notion that cooperation is an important aspect of human beings day to day life, however there will always be different circumstances where individuals choose whether to cooperate or not. We can focus on the prisoner’s dilemma to look into this further, the prisoner’s dilemma is a game theory which gives the individual an overall outcome and a path of choice, and we can relate this to everyday life where certain choices give us greater benefits. We may desire to choose one that gives us greatest satisfaction or an equal option which benefits both parties. There are different people in society, some are more aggressive and self-motivated while others are inclined towards social relations. Nevertheless it is important to realise that social behaviour that involves cooperation can be adopted and learned in such a way that restrictions enforced by society are not necessary to control the behaviour of certain individuals. Human behaviour thus can be controlled by education (Kavka,1983). Kavka also goes onto say that Hobbes theory on the state of nature is narrow minded due to his interpretation of what establishes a civil society and of what constitutes the state of nature. Hobbes predominant view is that only an absolute sovereign can be an authoritative common power. Otherwise, he stated that in the absence of a common power, people are in a state of war which is not necessarily true. We can therefore conclude that Hobbes claim that the state of nature is one of war is not entirely true, and at no time has this state of nature existed, it was a hypothetical scenario formed by Hobbes based around the presumption of a state in anarchy. The state of nature was represented as a state of war upon the assumption that society is suffering due to a shortage of resources and competition over food supplies, however this is not the case in real life and there is ‘room for all man’. Thomas (2009) states that a state of war will only arise when individuals are severely hindered in preserving their lives. If we look at current political situation however there is anarchy present among the states. There is no overall world government which regulates power over all states. If we consider states separately we can justify what Hobbes stated about the state of nature. It is evident that there is current inter-state and intra state war still present today, and certain crimes which are committed which go unpunished. The fear of war is always existent and states go to extreme lengths to dominate others, as well as this there is still a certain degree of mistrust between people even when there is a common power, thus Hobbes idea of a state of nature being one of war is supported to some extent as there will always be some form of competition amongst people but it does not necessarily have to be as brutish and vulgar as Hobbes described. Bibliography Alexandra, A.(1992). ‘Should Hobbes state of nature be represented as a prisoner’s dilemma?’ .The Southern Journal of Philosophy. Vol 2. Melbourne: The University of Melbourne. Alexander, J. (2001). ‘Group Dynamics in the State of Nature’ Erkenntnis. 55(2): pp.169-182 Doyle, P. (1927). â€Å"The contemporary background of Hobbes ‘state of nature’†. Economica. Vol 21. pp 336-355. Haji, I. (1991). ‘Hampton on Hobbes on state of nature cooperation’. Philosophy and phenomenal research. 51(3): pp 589-601. Hobbes, T (1982). Leviathan (Penguin Classics) Hill, G. (2006). Rousseaus Theory of Human Association: Transparent and Opaque Communities. Kavka, G. (1983) ‘Hobbes War of All Against All’. Ethics. 93 (2):pp. 291-310 Locke, J. (2005). Two Treatises of Government. London. Merriam, C. (1906). ‘Hobbes Doctrine of the State of Nature’. Proceedings of the American Political Science Association. Vol 3. pp. 151-157 Plato. (2007). The Republic (Penguin Classic) Oxford University Press. Schochet, G. (1967). ‘Thomas Hobbes on the family and the state of nature’. Political science quarterly. 82(3): pp 427-445. Thomas, J. (1929) ‘Some Contemporary Critics of Thomas Hobbes’. Economica. Vol 26. pp.185-191

The Issue Of Sport :: essays research papers

The Issue of Sport The material I have studied for the Issue of Sport has helped me understand more about living in our contemporary world. The film and the screenplay "Strictly Ballroom" along with newspaper articles and the television documentary on Sport made me understand why sport is important in our society. Sport involves many things such as competition, dirty tactics, personal achievement and sport officials. Firstly, whenever there is sport, there is competition. There is competition for all levels of sport. Some people thive on competition while others are just testing their own limitations. Competition is both good and bad for our society; it brings out the best and the worst in people. If there is competition it makes people strive harder to do the best they can. But it can also lead to dirty tactics, drugs or violence. In the screenplay "Strictly Ballroom", dirty tactics were used due to the competitive pressure. At the State Final Championship Scott and Liz were blocked by Ken Railings and Pam Short. It was also unfair competition, Barry Fife (The Dance Ferderation President) was being dishonest. Wayne overheard Barry setting it up so that Scott didn't win the Pan Pacific Grand Prix. The Sport weekly magazine article " Shirley knows her tables" printed on 14th May, 1996 dicusses her determination and preparation for the competition in the 2000 Olympics game. Every game have different levels of competion and also the bigger the prizes, the more competitive. Shirley trains very hard and knows it is very competitive at the Olympics. Secondly people can personal achievement from sport. Sportspersons are satisfied that is they have performed to their expectations. Personal achievement is doing the best you can or setting up goals and fulfilling them by winning. It helps to lift the spirits and the motivation of a person's mind. Family support is also important to a person's success. In "Strictly Ballroom", Scott and Fran achieved some goals such as the time Fran asked Scott to dance with her and he eventually agreed. They showed their individuality and are very determined non- conformists. They dance for the enjoyment of it. Both of them have the same dreams. But Scott's personal achievement is different from Fran's. He grew up expecting to win the Pan Pacifics. Fran and Scott fulfilled their ambition and are satisfied by merely being able to dance their own steps. The newspaper article "Straight into the record books" from The Sydney Morning Herald published on 6th Febrary 1996 demonstrated personal achievement of Tammy van Wisse, the first person to swim Bass Strait. Her individuality and

The European Energy Market

European Energy Market Q1) 1. Economic benefits would be that the consumers would have freedom to choose their energy providers and probably could lower the costs. The variety of producers will improve the quality of their service. Energy providers can improve efficiency through competition which will also reduce prices. Larger utilities should be another result, which will allow them to compete more effectively. 2.I believe both the consumers and businesses would gain from liberalization: Customers should have more choices of energy providers which would increase the likelihood they would have to pay less for their energy and the energy companies could also buy energy from the cheapest source. Q2 Implications: Will replace the markets of its 27 member states with a single market for electricity and gas for the entire continent. It permits the biggest energy groups to acquire other smaller energy firms in the continent. Hill 2012) Changes in environment after liberalization: There ar e a lot of acquisitions and mergers in the energy markets. Fights between governments protecting their firms and the biggest groups which want to acquire them are a probability. Bigger firms will try to acquire firms in local country. Actions: Government would have to impose conditions to stop foreign companies from acquiring local companies, with the local authorities trying to protect the advantages of the local companies. Q3)Why is the de-integration of large energy companies seen as such an important part of any attempt to liberalize the EU energy market? The biggest energy groups are national and they have monopoly. The de-integration of the biggest companies will encourage the smallest companies to be more active and promotes fairness in the market and makes energy firms more equal. It would also permit the introduction of new providers on the energy market. So, competition between them would increase the†¦

Free Essays on Remember When

â€Å"Remember when†¦ we were in fear for our lives but it wasn't because of drive by shootings, drugs, gangs, etc. Our parents and grandparents were a much bigger threat!!!!!!!!!!!† This is a quote by Shau Marie, a woman from Wisconsin talking about the way discipline has changed over the years. She was more afraid of what her parents would do you her than being sent to her principle’s office. Strict discipline is a thing of the past. Things have changed since then. Some people would say for the better, but I would say for the worse. Ask anyone on the street if the modern day family has changed and most of the people asked would say yes. The family has changed and one of the main changes is discipline. It has gone from very strong and strict to almost non-existent. We need to incorporate some of the strict old-fashioned upbringing and discipline used in the past with the new ideas of today. Some of the most important and basic aspects of the discipline of the past were fear and respect. If we establish these same values in the children of today they will in return show respect and appreciation to those around them. Fear was one of the ways to discipline children in the past. Fear is defined as â€Å"a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil, pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined; the feeling or condition of being afraid.† It is a known a fact that a person who thinks him/her is in danger that they will do anything to get out of it. One of the ways that a parent or teacher would install this fear is by threatening the child. A threat could be as simple as a verbal warning or as harsh as a belt or switch being shown. A mild way of carry out this type of discipline would be a simple verbal warning or â€Å"guilt trip†. They can both cause remorse and fear when done sparingly. If used often, they tend to loose their effect. An example of both of these would be â€Å"If you don’t clean your room we... Free Essays on Remember When Free Essays on Remember When â€Å"Remember when†¦ we were in fear for our lives but it wasn't because of drive by shootings, drugs, gangs, etc. Our parents and grandparents were a much bigger threat!!!!!!!!!!!† This is a quote by Shau Marie, a woman from Wisconsin talking about the way discipline has changed over the years. She was more afraid of what her parents would do you her than being sent to her principle’s office. Strict discipline is a thing of the past. Things have changed since then. Some people would say for the better, but I would say for the worse. Ask anyone on the street if the modern day family has changed and most of the people asked would say yes. The family has changed and one of the main changes is discipline. It has gone from very strong and strict to almost non-existent. We need to incorporate some of the strict old-fashioned upbringing and discipline used in the past with the new ideas of today. Some of the most important and basic aspects of the discipline of the past were fear and respect. If we establish these same values in the children of today they will in return show respect and appreciation to those around them. Fear was one of the ways to discipline children in the past. Fear is defined as â€Å"a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil, pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined; the feeling or condition of being afraid.† It is a known a fact that a person who thinks him/her is in danger that they will do anything to get out of it. One of the ways that a parent or teacher would install this fear is by threatening the child. A threat could be as simple as a verbal warning or as harsh as a belt or switch being shown. A mild way of carry out this type of discipline would be a simple verbal warning or â€Å"guilt trip†. They can both cause remorse and fear when done sparingly. If used often, they tend to loose their effect. An example of both of these would be â€Å"If you don’t clean your room we...

Definition and Examples of Euro-English

Definition and Examples of Euro-English Euro-English is an emerging variety of the English language used by speakers in the European Union whose mother tongue is not English. Gnutzmann et al. point out that it is not clear, as yet, whether English in Europe will in the foreseeable future become a language in its own right, one that is owned by its multilingual speakers, or whether the orientation towards native-speaker language norms will continue to persist (Communicating Across Europe in  Attitudes Towards English in Europe, 2015). Observations Two foreign girlsnannies? tourists?one German, one Belgian (?), talking in English beside me on the next table, unconcerned by my drinking and my proximity. . . . These girls are the new internationalists, roving the world, speaking good but accented English to each other, a kind of flawless Euro-English: I am very bad with separation, the German girl says as she stands up to leave. No true English speaker would express the idea in this way, but it is perfectly comprehensible. (William Boyd, Notebook No. 9. The Guardian, July 17, 2004)   The Forces Shaping Euro-English [T]he evidence is accumulating that a Euro-English is growing. It is being shaped by two forces, one top-down and the other bottom-up.The top-down force comes from the rules and regulations of the European Union. There is an influential English Style Guide issued by the European Commission. This makes recommendations about how English should be written in official documents from the member states. On the whole it follows standard British English usage, but in cases where British English has alternatives, it makes decisionssuch as recommending the spelling judgment, not judgement...More important than these top-down linguistic pressures, I suspect, are the bottom-up trends which can be heard around Europe these days. Ordinary Europeans who have to use English to each other every day are voting with their mouths and developing their own preferences. . . . In sociolinguistics, the technical term for this interaction is accommodation. People who get on with each other find that their acc ents move closer together. They accommodate to each other...I dont think Euro-English exists yet, as a variety comparable to American English or Indian English or Singlish. But the seeds are there. It will take time. The new Europe is still an infant, linguistically. (David Crystal, By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English. Overlook, 2008) Characteristics of Euro-English [I]n  2012 a report found that 38% of the EU’s citizens speak [English] as a foreign language. Nearly all of those working at EU institutions in Brussels do. What would happen to English without the English? A sort of Euro-English, influenced by foreign languages, is already in use. Many Europeans use control to mean monitor because  contrà ´ler  has that meaning in French. The same goes for assist, meaning to attend (assister  in French,  asistir  in Spanish). In other cases, Euro-English is just a naive but incorrect extension of English grammatical rules: many nouns in English that don’t properly pluralise with a final s are merrily used in Euro-English, such as informations and competences. Euro-English also uses words like actor, axis or agent well beyond their narrow range in native English...It could be that whatever native-speakers might consider correct, Euro-English, second language or no, is becoming a dialect fluently spoken by a large group of people who understand each other perfectly well. Such is the case of English in India or South Africa, where a small group of native speakers is dwarfed by a far larger number of second-language speakers. One effect m ay be that this dialect would lose some of the tricky bits of English, such as the future perfect progressive (We will have been working) that aren’t strictly necessary. (Johnson, English Becomes Esperanto. The Economist, April 23, 2016) Euro-English as a Lingua Franca - Tramp . . . could be the first English-language glossy magazine aimed at people who speak Euro-English as a second language. (Social Vacuum. The Sunday Times, April 22, 2007)- In the case of English in Europe, there seems little doubt that it will continue to increase its position as the dominant lingua franca. Whether this will result in varieties of European Englishes, or in a single variety of Euro-English being used as a lingua franca can only be determined by further research. The extent to which it is stifling (Gà ¶rlach, 2002:1) other European languages by steadily encroaching on more and more domains also needs to be researched, as do European attitudes toward English, especially the attitudes of the young. (Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Further Reading AmericanizationDenglish (Denglisch)Global EnglishGlobishNotes on English as a Global LanguageWorld English

White a newspaper article about how communication is important in Research Paper

White a newspaper article about how communication is important in business(2 page).and write a reflection for the newspaper article (3 page) - Research Paper Example The communication can be formal or be put in such a manner that it appears casual. The presentation of the message would be dependent on the message that the company would want to send out to the intended end user. This paper is a newspaper article that will look at the importance of communication in business then conduct a reflection of the article. Good communication for a business results in better overall performance. Communication in a business results in proper coordination in an organization. When the different departments in a company share the relevant information on the different topics that are relevant to them, they have the information that they need to perform their tasks accurately. Departments need information from each other so that they can make the right decisions such as communication between the procurement and sales departments on the amount of available inventory so as to be able to make more orders. Good communication in a company also ensures that the employees work together to achieve the mission and vision of the company and tells the stakeholders of the progress that the company has made. Communication has the effect of producing better relationships with clients. The clients feel that they have the information that they need so as to continue using the product or services that are provided by the company. Even in cases where a company might fail to deliver what is expected of them, or what they had promised to deliver to a client, communication still matters. The clients feel satisfied that the company tried their best, and they were courteous enough to share their attempts, failures and successes. Communication leads to higher levels of innovation in a business. Businesses are composed of different people from different backgrounds based on differences in religious, economic and social backgrounds. The diversity of such kind of groups leads to the generation of ideas that are new and more efficient in comparison to ideas that

See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

See attachment - Essay Example At first, I will simply count the matchsticks to determine the number in each of Gemma's patterns. I want to find a way to accurately establish the number of matchsticks in a set of patterns without having to physically count them, especially for large diagrams. I think this method will most likely result in a formula. To start with, I will answer the first task which instructs me to determine how many matchsticks are in each of Gemma's pictures. My method will be to simply count the number of matchsticks in each diagram, so that I can have a basis for comparing the number of matchsticks in each pattern and then investigate how they relate to the number of matchsticks in patterns with different widths. I can show my initial results as follows: I notice that there is a relationship between the width of the pattern and the number of matchsticks used. Obviously, as the picture gets wider, more matchsticks are used; but they are not in a direct relationship. In a direct relationship, if a diagram that is one matchstick wide has 6 matchsticks, then it could be expected that one that is 2 matchsticks wide would have 12, and one that is 3 matchsticks wide would have 18. Mathematically, this could be expressed as the number of matchsticks (n) is equal to 6 times the number of widths (w), or: n=6(w). This formula works for the first picture, but is not accurate for the other two. Clearly, there is a relationship of increasing linear proportions, but it is made more complicated by the fact that each pattern of matchsticks shares a common side. This explains why the sequence is not 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36. Any mathematical or formula representation will have to account for the fact that after the first unit, each additional unit of width lacks the two matchsticks it has in common with its neighbor. I think I should use algebra to try and explain this relationship because it is useful in understanding quantitative relationships, and I think a simple linear function will work. The first unit of 1 width has six matchsticks. A second unit (or 2 widths) would share two of those matchsticks already in place and add four more. It would look like this: || ||| |_| 6 Matchsticks |_|_| 10 Matchsticks If the formula can account for the initial width having 6 matchsticks and all other additions having four, it would be a reliable expression. This could be accomplished by representing the total number of matchsticks as a function of the first width having six and all others having four. By simply adding the number of the first width

Health Threats From Environmental Pollutants Research Paper

Health Threats From Environmental Pollutants - Research Paper Example Evaporation of seawater has increased and this has resulted in droughts in some regions, and increased rains in other areas. Such unpredictable climatic changes have posed a threat to the economic well being of the developing countries. The rapid nature of these climatic changes has generally caught mankind on the wrong foot (Victor). Food production has been adversely affected, and the sudden and unpredictable changes in the climate have increased the mortality rate amongst those who dwell in coastal areas. It is the principal objective of the Kyoto agreement to countenance these challenges. This agreement endeavors to engender better cooperation between countries, in order to reduce global warming. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the Kyoto agreement is just an initial, though significant, step in this direction and several such agreements have to be implemented (Victor). There are several factors that contribute to water pollution. There are direct and indirect contamination sources, which act as contributory causes for water contamination. For instance, the effluents from industries and factories directly contribute to water contamination. Chemical treatment plants and chemical production units are major water pollutants. These are termed as direct contamination sources. In urban areas, such direct sources contaminate drinking water. Therefore, many countries have taken stringent measures to prevent drinking water pollution. The governments of developed nations have enacted several legislations to prevent industries and factories from discharging their chemical effluents into water sources. Despite these steps, water contamination still continues in most countries (Rubin). Water is chiefly contaminated by the activities of humans.

Principles of Public International Law Essay Example for Free

Principles of Public International Law Essay â€Å"Law will never really play an effective part in international relations until it can annex to its own sphere some of the matters which at present lie within the domestic jurisdiction of the several states. † Discuss ‘The principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognised’. The aforementioned is a definition of law as defined by the American Heritage dictionary of the English Language. If we apply this definition of community in its strictest sense it becomes increasingly difficult to subscribe to the view that there is an international community at large. If we begin to analyse statistics that show that there are over 7000 languages in the world, approximately 10,000 distinctly different religions, and a disputably infinite number of ethnic groups across just the 195 countries that comprise our global society, then it becomes patently clear that we would be better off highlighting our divisiveness rather than our prospects as a global community. Our collective history as human beings, however, tells a different story about our common interest and the way in which we have formally raised and torn down barriers to promote the same. We have, on the other hand, been separated on the basis of differing ideologies and the exercise of exclusive nationalism. Since the latter is a sentiment which resides in particular nations which have at their core a set legal framework validating their very existence and their interaction with other nations, it is essential to any study of law’s application to international relations. How does a sovereign nation reconcile its very sovereignty with its growing need to be integrated into a shrinking global society with its concomitant shrinking global economy? It is clear that some compromises must be made. Before we consider any specific cases in which states have decided to relinquish some of their sovereign power, we must consider the implications of the term sovereignty itself, the elements of sovereignty and its importance to a nation-state. Much has been written on the topic of sovereignty. Definitions vary slightly from one text to the other but they all have at their core, when specifically referring to the idea of state sovereignty, the idea of legitimate authority. In Sohail H. Hashmi’s discourse on sovereignty in the book ‘State Sovereignty, Change and Resistance in International Relations’, he asserts, referring to the concept of legitimate authority, that it is â€Å" a broad concept – not a definition but a wide category – that unites most of sovereignty’s tradition. He further notes that authority can be defined as â€Å"The right to command and correlatively, the right to be obeyed† and is only legitimate â€Å"when it is seen as right by those living under it. † It is to be noted that legitimate authority is not simply the idea of more power. R. P. Wolf, the twentieth century political philosopher and individual anarchist, illustrates the difference more sharply in a classical example in which he argues â€Å"if I am forced at gunpoint to hand over my money, I am subject to power; if I pay my taxes even though I think I can cheat I am recognizing legitimate authority. † We must recognize, however, that though legitimate authority is the overarching principle on any discourse on state sovereignty, there are specific elements of state sovereignty that are crucial, which every sovereign state holds dear to it and attempts to retain regardless of seemingly necessary or stipulated concessions of power, influence or authority to the international community. They include International Legal Validation (of a sovereign state), Interdependence Sovereignty and Domestic Sovereignty. International Legal Validation can be viewed as the right of the state to be a sovereign entity as prescribed by ‘international law’. It is legitimate authority as a legal construct or as Hashami puts it â€Å"legitimate authority† that is â€Å"prescribed by the law. † (Hashami, pg 18) The author Stephen D. Krasner in his book ‘Sovereignty, Organised Hypocrisy’ describes this element of sovereignty as international legal sovereignty. He states that it â€Å"refers to the practices associated with mutual recognition, usually between territorial entities that have formal juridical independence. † At its core international legal validation concerns issues of the recognition of states. If one were ignorant about the political climate on the global front, the natural answer to the question ‘how did a state become a state? ’ would be that ‘the would-be state must satisfy the defined stipulations (in international law) for becoming a state. Following this line of reasoning would inevitably lead one to the very first article of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, which since 1933 set out that â€Å"The state, as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states. It does not take much political savvy, however, to understand that the legal criteria for statehood and the actual criteria for being recognized as a state by the international community at large is a de facto and de jure issue. As Krasner postulates â€Å"States have recognized other governments even when they did not h ave control over their claimed territory, such as the German and Italian recognition of the Franco regime in 1936, and the American recognition of the Lon Nol government in Cambodia in 1970. States have continued to recognize governments which have lost power, including Mexican recognition of the Spanish republican regime of 1977, and recognition of the Chinese Nationalist regime by all of the major Western powers until the 1970s. States have refused to recognize new governments even when they have established effective control, such as the British refusal to recognize the July monarch in France until 1832, the US refusal to recognise the Soviet regime until 1934. (Krasner, pg 15) The recognition of states is definitely an area in which the law (as prescribed by the Montevideo Convention and more recently the EU, which has almost identical tenets concerning the recognition of states) has proved ineffective in international relations precisely because of the political agendas and consequently domestic jurisdiction of the several states which reflect the political climate in which they operate. States attempt to hold on to this type of sovereignty because it affords them clout and validation in a global society in which interdependence is not just an ideal but a tool for survival, at the very least and a necessary aid to prosperity at the very most. The point here is not that nonrecognition brings with it a form of absolute isolation which renders the unrecognised state permanently barred from international commerce and diplomatic relations. What is of paramount importance, however, is the fact that nonrecognition brings with it an air of uncertainty concerning the unrecognised state, particularly in the eyes of multinational firms which as a result may be more reluctant to invest. Krasner notes that â€Å"by facilitating accords, international legal sovereignty offers the possibility for rulers to secure external resources that can enhance their ability to stay in power and promote the security, economic, and ideational interest of their constituents. (Krasner, pg 17) Interdependence sovereignty is the ability of a state to regulate the flow of information, goods, ideas and people into and out of its country. States try to hold on to this type of sovereignty because their ability to do this is directly related to their ability to effectively take control and organise their own polity, which in essence is domestic sovereignty which states must hold on to by definition i. e. in order to be a state in the first place. We shall consider reasons which prompt states to relinquish some of their sovereignty later in our discussion. We have thus far acknowledged, via several examples, based on the politics involved in the process of mutual recognition of states, that the issue of international legal sovereignty or international legal validation is a de facto versus de jure consideration. Is this, however, a trend in the legal procedures in international relations? The law, based on our previously defined definition, must be applicable to the actors in the community in hich it is operating. If, in the realm of international relations, the law can be voluntarily and regularly flouted by those who come under its subjection then serious questions arise about the very existence of ‘international law’. It must be duly noted though that states undeniably operate within the workings of a law order which to a large extent regulates their day to day interactions with one another and which is autonomo us in its operations. There are a countless number of international treatises that are steadfastly observed on a day to day basis. Examples include international agreements which facilitate the smooth to and fro transport of letters which are transported to all corners of the globe at fixed rates which are stipulated by the Universal postal union, the establishment of hundreds of football leagues worldwide- the individual countries who oversee them all subscribing to the specific rules and regulation set out by the world governing body in football, F. I. F. A. and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which afford diplomats exemption from prosecution within the courts of the country in which they are stationed. It is evident then that there is a legal framework that regulates the goings on of international relations. We have to probe a bit deeper into the workings of this system in order to ascertain whether or not it can accurately be characterised as international law. It can be argued that upon examination of our above examples of situations in which law plays an effective role in international relations, that the circumstances demand that such broad and far-reaching legal action be undertaken. The methods may vary but in order for letters to be transported globally there must be some standardisation procedure. This sort of necessary ‘self-coercion’ can be observed in a slightly different manner in the operations of international trade and commerce. Often times when two countries have a trade dispute they seek to resolve it in the World Trade Organisation (W. T. O. ), the foremost international authority on trade and trade disputes. The country that loses the dispute, in a legal case which is heard before a court of law under the auspices of the W. T. O. , more often that not abides by the decision. This, again, is not necessarily because the losing party has a great respect or reverence for ‘international law’ or the W. T. O. per se, but rather because it is within its interest to do so. As Harris explains, â€Å"The great majority of the rules of international law are generally observed by all nations without actual compulsion, for it is generally in the interest of all nations concerned to honour their obligations under international law. † (Harris pg 8) He further argues that a nation will be â€Å"reluctant to disregard its obligations under a commercial treaty, since the benefits that it expects from the execution of the treaty by the other contracting parties are complimentary to those anticipated by the latter. It may thus stand to loose more than it would gain by not fulfilling its part in the bargain. This is particularly so in the long run since a nation that has the reputation of reneging on its commercial obligations will find it hard to conclude commercial treaties beneficially to itself. † (Harris pg8) There is, evidently then, a law amongst nations, which is effective regardless of the reason for it being so. The problem of defining this law amongst nations as ‘international law’, however, lies in part because of those very cases in which it is flagrantly disregarded. For any legal system to functional optimally it must operate in a community in which there is a legislative system to make laws as it sees fit, a judiciary to implement the administration of justice and an executive body to enforce the law. Now grant it, generally speaking, there is no formal legislative system in international relations, when countries enter into agreements with each other the signing of treaties is usually undertaken and this serves as the source of law that is meant to dictate the terms of their agreement. However, unlike what is the case in municipal law, there is no definite enforceability method. There is no one authority that can guarantee the compliance of states to international treaties or conventions. We have already made the point that in most cases compliance has become second nature – but what of the cases (though they are scarce) in which it is not? Within the domestic law arena there are cases in which the law is glaringly broken. Once there is enough evidence to convict the wrongdoer, he is convicted and punished. The punitive measures that are undertaken would have been pre-determined by the legislative body and subsequently enforced by an executive body. There is no such arrangement in the international domain. As Harris puts forward â€Å"The problem of enforcement becomes acute, however, in that minority of important and generally spectacular cases, particularly important in the context of our discussion, in which compliance with international law and its enforcement have a direct bearing on the relative power of the nations concerned. In those cases†¦considerations of power rather than of law determine compliance and enforcement. † (Harris, pg 9) Therein lies the difficulty in saying that there is a law of nations. Having established the problematic nature of ‘international law’ or a ‘law of nations’, we shall henceforth temporarily ignore our challenges with nomenclature for the purposes of our remaining discussion. That being said, it is of critical importance to analyse the impact of international law on municipal law and vice versa. There is an ongoing dispute between theorist who believe that international law and municipal law are two separate legal orders and theorist who believe that they are part of the same legal order. The formative argument is known as dualism while the latter is known as monism. There is no one argument based on either monism or dualism that comprehensively settles the dispute. â€Å"On the international plane, international law is invoked and applied on a daily basis by states and intergovernmental organisations. With minor exceptions, it is the only law that applies to the conduct of states and international organisations in their relations with one another. Here international law is a distinct legal system, comparable in its scope and function to a national legal system. † (Buergenthal-Murphy, pg 3) The point mentioned above is very valid and gives credence to the dualism argument. Diplomatic relations, as discussed earlier, are dealt with strictly on the international plane. In order to see the appeal of the monism argument however we have to look no further than the argument establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice (C. C. J. ). Article XXIII of this agreement is as follows: 1)Each contracting party should, to the maximum extent possible, encourage and facilitate the use of arbitration and other means of alternative dispute resolution for the settlement of international commercial disputes. )To this end, each contracting party shall provide appropriate procedures to ensure observance of agreements to arbitrate and for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral award in such disputes. The C. C. J. is a court whose aim is to have a â€Å"determinative role in the further development of Caribbean jurisprudence through the juridical process† is thus an international lega l authority. In order for its smooth operation it must nevertheless depend on the domestic jurisdictions of its member states. Monism and dualism can hence be viewed as fluid concepts which exist in varying degrees.